Note: This is an advanced guide to Chicago (CMoS) Footnote and Bibliography Referencing, useful for professional editors, academics, and students looking to bump up their grades with flawless referencing! If you’re new to Chicago and feel a little lost, check out our introduction to Chicago referencing. For extra help from Chicago experts, try our student proofreading services for free, or learn more about our editing services for businesses.
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMoS) uses both a footnote and bibliography system and an author-date system to cite sources.
This guide is to the footnotes and bibliography approach. You can access the CMoS author-date citation guide here.
Variations
This guide includes all information related to CMoS 17th ed. The customer should use this (the most up-to-date) edition, but please watch out for any customer comments saying that they’re using an older one.
You should also pay attention to the requested dialect (usually US, Australian, or UK English) and note:
- Dialect will not change the spelling of words or use of punctuation in titles or direct quotations, which will depend upon the original work. If you suspect that there may have been an error, simply raise that as a query and suggest that the customer checks with the original.
- Anything that is specifically an element of the referencing system (e.g. positioning of commas and periods) should be consistent within the referencing. If it appears to be different from CMoS referencing style, then you should leave a comment to note this and suggest that the customer checks with the style preferences of their institution.
- Words that might be used to describe the format of a source within the reference list (e.g., “catalog”) will follow the rules of the preferred dialect in the same way as the main narrative.
CMoS Footnotes and Bibliography Guide: Notes/Footnotes: The Basics
CMoS footnotes correspond to a superscript number in the text. Subsequent footnotes referencing the same source should use a shortened footnote.
The in-text superscript number doesn’t have a period (so like this1), while the footnote number is written as normal text and with a period.
| Source type | Footnote | Shortened footnote | Bibliographic entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| One author | 1. Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. | 2. Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. | Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
Commenting on footnotes
Highlight the word next to the superscript number (as otherwise Word does strange things with the footnote numbering) and preface your comment with “Footnote:”. E.g. “Footnote: The publication date is missing, please review.”
No date (n.d.)
If a source has no date, use “n.d.” in the footnote and corresponding bibliographic entry.
Page numbers
Page numbers should be included in footnotes (full and shortened) for direct quotes and paraphrasing. Do not use “p.” in front of the page numbers. If a page range is needed, use an en dash.
In the bibliography, page ranges should only be given in instances such as a chapter in a book or an article in a journal.
Organization as author
Corporate (group/organizational) authors are given at the start of bibliographic entries even if the publisher is the same as the author.
If a group’s/organization’s name is given as an acronym in the footnotes, the acronym should be used in the bibliography as well (to make it easier to find), with the full name given in parentheses afterward.
| Full/Shortened footnote | Bibliographic entry |
|---|---|
| 1. NISO, Bibliographic References, ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 (Bethesda, MD: NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010), 1–2. 2. (Shortened Footnote): NISO, Bibliographic References, 1–2. | NISO (National Information Standards Organization). Bibliographic References. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005. Bethesda, MD: NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010. [Text goes here] |
Pseudonyms
If the author’s real name is not known, write [pseud.] following the pseudonym. If the author’s real name is known, write their real name in square brackets instead.
In the case of common pseudonyms, you would usually omit the author’s real name, but it can be included if the customer wishes.
| Type | Full/Shortened footnote | Bibliographic entry |
|---|---|---|
| Real name unknown | 1. Alaska Muckraker [pseud.], “Palin Is Back at Work,” Mudflats: Tiptoeing through the Muck of Alaskan Politics (blog), December 5, 2008. https://mudflats.wordpress.com/. 2. Alaska Muckraker [pseud.], “Palin.” | Alaska Muckraker [pseud.]. “Palin Is Back at Work.” Mudflats: Tiptoeing through the Muck of Alaskan Politics (blog). December 5, 2008. https://mudflats.wordpress.com/. |
| Widely known pseudonym | 1. George Eliot, Middlemarch, Norton Critical Editions (New York: Norton, 1977), 1–2. 2. Eliot, Middlemarch, 1–2. | Eliot, George. Middlemarch. Norton Critical Editions. New York: Norton, 1977. |
| Widely-know pseudonym with real name (if desired) | 1. Jay-Z [Shawn Carter], Decoded (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010), 1–2. 2. Jay-Z [Shawn Carter], Decoded, 1–2. | Jay-Z [Shawn Carter]. Decoded. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010. |
Multiple authors
CMoS has specific author guidelines for footnotes, shortened footnotes, and bibliographic entries. Please pay attention to the first and last name order for the first author in all cases.
- Footnotes: All author names go in first and last name order.
- Shortened footnotes: Only use the authors’ last names.
- Bibliographic entries: The first author’s name goes in last name, first name order. All following authors and contributors (e.g., editors, illustrators, translators) go in first and last name order. If there are more than 10 authors, only list the first author, followed by et al. (the same rule applies in footnotes and shortened footnotes).
See the table below for formatting and examples of sources with multiple authors.
| Full/shortened footnote | Bibliography | |
|---|---|---|
| Two Authors | 1. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 2. Last Name and Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. | First Author's Last Name, First Name, and Second Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| e.g. | 1. Maggie Wykes and Barrie Gunter, The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005), 128. 2. Wykes and Gunter, Media and Body Image, 132. | Wykes, Maggie, and Barrie Gunter. The Media and Body Image: If Looks Could Kill. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2005. |
| Three Authors | 1. First Author's First Name Last Name and Second Author's First Name Last Name, Title of Book: Subtitle if Any (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 2. Last Name, Last Name, and Last Name, Title of Book, Page Number. | First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, and Third Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| e.g. | 1. Gerald R. Ledlow, Karl Manrodt, and David Schott, Health Care Supply Chain Management: Elements, Operations, and Strategies (Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017), 68. 2. Ledlow, Manrodt, and Schott, Health Care Supply Chain, 83. | Ledlow, Gerald R., Karl Manrodt, and David Schott. Health Care Supply Chain Management: Elements, Operations, and Strategies. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2017. |
| Four or More Authors | 1. First Author's First Name Last Name et al., Title of Book: Subtitle if Any, Edition if given and is not first edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 2. First Author’s Last Name et al., Title of Book, Page Range. | First Author's Last Name, First Name, Second Author's First Name Last Name, Third Author's First Name Last Name, and Fourth Author's First Name Last Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. NB: If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a footnote, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). |
| e.g. | 1. David M. Kroenke et al., Experiencing MIS, 5th Cdn ed. (North York, ON: Pearson Canada, 2019), 45. 2. Kroenke et al., Experiencing MIS, 60. | Kroenke, David M., Randall J. Boyle, Andrew Gemino, and Peter Tingling. Experiencing MIS. 5th Cdn ed. North York, ON: Pearson Canada, 2019. |
Multiple works, Same Author
If multiple entries are written by the same author, list them chronologically in the bibliography and use three em dashes (–––) to replace the author’s name after the first entry for that author.
If multiple entries are written by the same author and are from the same year, use YYYYa, YYYYb, etc. to differentiate the works in the bibliography and the footnotes. Entries with the same author and year should be listed alphabetically according to the first main word in the title (i.e., ignore articles).
NB: If two (or more) sources are by the same two (or more) authors, only use a, b, etc. if their names are in the same order for both sources. If the sources swap name orders, do not use a, b, etc.; treat them as normal.
| Bibliographic entry |
|---|
| Fogel, Robert William. 2004a. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100: Europe, America, and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press. ———. 2004b. “Technophysio Evolution and the Measurement of Economic Growth.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 14, no. 2 (June): 217–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0188-x. |
Citing Multiple Works
You can cite more than one source in the same footnote, separated by semi-colons. The sources should be put in alphabetical order (using the author’s name).
What if There Isn’t an Author?
If there is no corporate or individual author provided for your source, start the bibliographic entry or footnote with the title of the source.
Works that have “Anonymous” listed as the author should be cited accordingly and listed in the reference list alphabetically. However, do not put “anonymous” for a source with no attributed author.
Secondary Citations
Secondary sources are not encouraged but may be necessary if the original source is not available. In these cases, the source is cited as “quoted in…” and both the original and secondary sources should be listed in the footnotes and bibliography.
| Footnote | 1. Original Author First and Last Name, Title of Work, Date, quoted in Secondary Source Author First and Last Name, ed., Title of Work (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. |
| e.g. | 1. E.E. Cummings, "A Poet's Advice to Students," Ottawa Hills Spectator, October 26, 1955, quoted in George J. Firmage, ed., E.E. Cummings: A Miscellany Revised, (New York: October House Inc, 1965), 335. |
| Bibliography | Original Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Date, quoted in Secondary Source Author Last Name, First Name, ed. Title of Work. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| e.g. | Cummings, E.E. "A Poet's Advice to Students." Ottawa Hills Spectator, October 26, 1955, quoted in Firmage, George J., ed. E.E. Cummings: A Miscellany Revised. 335. New York: October House Inc, 1965. |
The Bibliography
CMoS author-date puts the bibliography on a separate page at the end of a document. All footnotes should point to a full entry in the bibliography. Exceptions to this include personal communications (e.g., emails and social media posts), well-known encyclopedias and dictionaries, and web pages.
Bibliography Formatting
The bibliography is placed at the end of a document (before the index) on a separate page. It should be titled “Bibliography” at the beginning of the page.
The bibliography should be single spaced and use hanging indents.
The Bibliography in Detail
Bibliographic entries should be listed alphabetically by the first author’s last name, organization name, titles, descriptions in square brackets, or abbreviations (i.e., whatever the bibliographic entry begins with).
For sources with no date (n.d.), such as web pages, use an “Accessed” or “Modified” date in the entry (see the specific bibliographic entry for specific formatting guidelines).
Basic Structure of a Reference Entry
- Author
- Title of Work
- Other information (contributors, publisher, accessed dates, etc.)
- Date
Author Names
The first author listed in a source is written in Last Name, First Name order. All other authors and contributors’ names are written in First and Last Name order.
“And” is used between two/the last two authors, not an ampersand.
Titles
Titles are written in title case unless they are in a language other than English.
Titles of large works are italicized.
Short works, such as articles or chapters of a book, and unpublished works, such as working papers, use quotation marks.
When to use abbreviations
Noun forms such as editor, translator, volume, and edition are abbreviated in a bibliographic entry, but verb forms (e.g., edited by, translated by) are spelled out.
| Common Abbreviations in CMoS | |
|---|---|
| Editor(s) | ed(s). |
| Translator | trans. |
| Volume(s) | vol(s). |
| Number | no. |
| No date | n.d. |
| Director | dir. |
| Edition | ed. |
| page(s) | N/A |
Dates
If available, the year a source was written or published, as appropriate, should appear in all reference entries.
If an accessed date or modification date is needed for a source (e.g., for an online source), it should go before the URL and should take the following form: Month Day, Year (e.g., Accessed April 24, 2023).
Punctuation
Elements in bibliographic entries are separated by periods. See the examples for more specific formatting guidelines.
Printed Media
| Source type | Full/shortened footnote | Reference entry |
|---|---|---|
| Book | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| e.g. | 1. Cheryl Strayed, Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012), 87–88. 2. Strayed, Wild, 87–88. | Strayed, Cheryl. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012. |
| Chapter of an edited book | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Chapter,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, “Short Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter.” In Title of Book, edited by Editor First and Last Name, Page Range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| e.g. | 1. Gleen Gould, “Streisand as Schwarzkopf,” in The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New York: Vintage Books,1984), 310. 2. Gould, “Streisand,” 310. | Gould, Glenn. “Streisand as Schwarzkopf.” In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308–11. New York: Vintage Books, 1984. |
| Journal article | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Name issue, no. (Month/Season Year): Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Name issue, no., (Month/Season Year): Page Range. |
| e.g. | 1. Benjamin Bagley, “Loving Someone in Particular,” Ethics 125, no. 2 (2015): 484–85. 2. Bagley, “Loving,” 484–85. | Bagley, Benjamin. “Loving Someone in Particular.” Ethics 125, no. 2 (January 2015): 477–507. |
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media may have other contributors, such as performers, directions, composers, featured artists, etc. List other contributors’ roles using the abbreviation guidelines given earlier (i.e., nouns are abbreviated and verbs are written out).
| Source type | Full/shortened footnote | Bibliographic entry |
|---|---|---|
| Movie/film | 1. Film Title, directed by Director’s Name (year of original release; distributor details, year of edition cited), format/URL. 2. Short Title. | Director Surname, First Name, dir. Film Title. Year of original release; Distributor details, year of edition cited. Format/URL. |
| e.g. | 1. Hairspray, directed by Adam Shankman (2007; New York City, NY: New Line Cinema), https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B01DDOQA44/. 2. Hairspray. | Shankman, Adam, dir. Hairspray. 2007; New York City, NY: New Line Cinema. https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B01DDOQA44/. |
| TV episode | 1. Series Title, Season #, Episode #, “Episode title,” directed by First name Last name, written by First name Last name, featuring First name Last name, aired Month Day, Year of original air date, in broadcast syndication, Distributor of medium, copyright year of medium, format, time stamp. 2. “Short Title,” time stamp. | Last name, First name of main contributor, job title. Series title. Season #, Episode #, “Episode Title.” Other contributors. Aired Month Day, Year of original air date, in broadcast syndication. Distributor of medium, copyright year of medium, format. |
| e.g. | 1. The Crown, season 3, episode 3, “Aberfan,” directed by Benjamin Caron, written by Peter Morgan, featuring Olivia Colman, Tobias Menzies, and Helena Bonham Carter, aired November 17, 2019, in broadcast syndication, Sony Pictures, 2020, DVD, 00:25:53. 2. “Aberfan,” 00:25:53. | Morgan, Peter, writer. The Crown. Season 3, episode 3, “Aberfan.” Directed by Benjamin Caron, featuring Olivia Colman, Tobias Menzies, and Helena Bonham Carter. Aired November 17, 2019, in broadcast syndication. Sony Pictures, 2020, DVD. |
| Audio CD/LP | 1. Performer First and Last Name, role, Composition/Track/Album Title, with Other Contributor Name (role), recording date, on Disc Title, Label Publisher #, Year, format. 2. Performer Last Name, Short Title, Composer/performer information. | Performer Last Name, First Name, role. Title of Work. With Other Contributor Name (role), recording date, on Disc Title, Record Label #, Year, format. |
| e.g. | 1. Billie Holiday, vocalist, “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, track 1 on Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm. 2. Holiday “I’m a Fool.” | Holiday, Billie, vocalist. “I’m a Fool to Want You.” By Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm. |
Online Sources
Online sources may require an accessed or modification date. If there is no date, use n.d. in place of the year.
Keep in mind that website pages do not have to be listed in the bibliography and can just be mentioned in the text. This is up to the discretion of the customer. Keep a consistent approach and follow the customer’s lead in this situation.
| Source type | Full/shortened footnote | Bibliographic entry |
|---|---|---|
| Online journal article | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Name issue, no. (Month/Season Year): Page Range, URL/DOI/Database Name. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Name issue, no., (Month/Season Year): Page Range. URL/DOI/Database Name. NB: DOI is preferred over URL, if available. |
| e.g. | 1. Jui-Ch’i. Liu, “Beholding the Feminine Sublime: Lee Miller’s War Photography.” Signs 40, no. 2 (Winter 2015): 308–19, https://doi.org/10.1086/678242. 2. Liu “Beholding,” 308–19. | Liu, Jui-Ch’i.. “Beholding the Feminine Sublime: Lee Miller’s War Photography.” Signs 40, no. 2 (Winter 2015): 308–19. https://doi.org/10.1086/678242. |
| Website | 1. First and Last Name, “Webpage Title,” Website Name, Date/Accessed Date, URL. 2. Publisher Last Name/Organization, “Shortened Web Page Title.” NB: Date should say “Accessed” if using an access date. | Organization/Last Name, First Name. “Webpage Title.” Website Name. Date/Accessed Date. URL. |
| e.g. | 1. Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, “Balkan Romani,” Endangered Languages, accessed April 6, 2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. 2. Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, “Balkan Romani.” | Alliance for Linguistic Diversity. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6, 2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. |
| eBook (online) | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range, URL/Database Name. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. NB: If there are no page numbers, use section, chapter, or any other number in any. If none, omit. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. URL/Database Name. |
| e.g. | 1. Brooke Borel, The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), 1–2, ProQuest Ebrary. 2. Borel, Chicago Guide, 1–2. | Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. ProQuest Ebrary. |
What to Do When the Customer’s Approach Differs
Keep in mind that a customer may have specific guidelines from their institution that deviate from the guidance listed here. Here are some things to consider if you have a document that requires CMoS 17th ed. but differs from the advice given in this guide.
- If a customer has done something different but is consistent, leave a comment noting that their work differs from standard CMoS 17th guidelines and enforce their consistent usage.
- If a customer has deviated from standard CMoS 17th guidelines but is not consistent, use this guide to make their citations/entries consistent and leave a comment outlining why you made these changes. Suggest that they check with their institutional guidelines if they are not sure about which CMoS edition to use.
- If a customer has requested a different/older edition of CMoS, please consult relevant and credible online resources if you are not sure whether you need to make certain changes.
- Contact Editor Support if you are still unsure.
But What About…?
Tables?
Tables should be numbered separately from any figures (table 1, table 2, etc.). Tables should be cited in the text by number, not location (e.g., don’t write “see the above table”), and should be labeled consecutively. In in-text mentions, “table” is lowercase, for example, “see table 1 for more information.”
If more than one table is referenced in the text at one time, write out each table number rather than using a number range. For example, “tables 14, 15, and 16 [not 14–16] illustrate this idea.”
Figures?
Figures (or illustrations) may be labeled as “figure #” or “(fig. #).” When referring to a figure in the text, write out “figure.” If referring to a figure in parentheses, use the abbreviation (fig.). All figures in a text should be numbered consecutively.
Block quotes?
CMoS states that quotations of five or more lines, or more than 100 words, should be blocked. CMoS recommends blocking two or more lines of poetry. Block quotations should be indented and single spaced. The superscript for the block quotation follows the final period in the quote and should have a corresponding footnote and bibliographic entry.
What Does the Proofreading Service Cover for Referencing?
- Check that bibliographic entries and footnotes are given in accordance with the standard or customer’s version of CMoS. When in doubt, go for consistency and leave a note to explain your approach.
- It is the customer’s responsibility to make sure that all footnotes appear in the bibliography and vice versa, but if you spot that something is missing, point it out with a comment.
- There is no need to check that the dates and spellings of author names match for each in-text citation and corresponding full reference; however, if you do see an issue along these lines, point it out in a comment and ask the customer to check the original source.
- Check whether all the expected elements of a bibliographic entry are present (this will depend upon the type of source), including the correct use of punctuation, capitalization, and italics. Check also that the references are given in alphabetical order. Note any missing information in a comment for the customer.
- Ensure that the bibliography is on a new page, that there are no additional spaces between references, and apply hanging indents as appropriate.
- You should read through direct quotes to check that the surrounding text leads to the quote appropriately and to correct any typos or obvious errors, such as additional spaces. If there looks to be an error or inconsistency, leave a comment for the customer to check the original source; it would be risky to try to fix it without access to the source itself.
What Falls Outside the Scope of Proofreading
The main purpose of referencing is for writers to avoid plagiarism. For that same reason, there is a limit on what can be done for a customer. Additionally, some actions might come under our formatting service.
- When proofreading, you do not need to worry about the spacing or font used in the bibliography (or anywhere in the text, for that matter). This comes under the formatting service.
- When proofreading, you do not need to worry about how the tables/figures are presented, although you should comment if the customer has neglected to number or provide a caption for these.
- Do not add or change information within a footnote or bibliographic entry unless there is an obvious typo. (You can comment to advise that they check the original source if it seems to be grammatically incorrect, for example.)
- Do not add footnotes or bibliographic entries, even if they seem to be missing; leave a comment instead.
- Don’t fill in missing information; leave a comment about what appears to be missing and provide information about how the reference could be written to accommodate it (e.g., “n.d.” if the date is unknown).
- There is no need to check URLs; if they appear incomplete, leave a comment for the customer to check them.
- Don’t guess at which of two inconsistent names or dates may be correct; point the anomaly out to the customer (using a comment at the first instance of the issue) and ask them to check the source.
- Any text that does not form part of the word count (i.e., if the table/figure is an image) can be ignored; just leave a single comment to explain this to the customer (it can go in the comments box when you submit the document through the Proofed dashboard).
List of sample bibliographic entries and footnotes
Here is a list of footnote and bibliographic entries you may come across in your proofreading.
| Source Type | Full/shortened footnote | Bibliography entry |
|---|---|---|
| Annual report (print or online) | 1. Author/Organization, Title of Annual Report, Page Range, URL. | Author/Organization Name. Title of Report. URL. |
| Audio CD/vinyl (classical) | 1. Performer First and Last Name (role), Composition/Track/Album Title, by Composer Names, with Ensemble, and/or Conductor information, recording date, on Disc Title, Label Publisher #, Year, format. 2. Performer Last Name, Short Title, Composer/performer information. | Performer Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. With Ensemble, and Conductor, recording date, on Disc Title, Record Label #, Year, format. NB: You can choose to emphasize the composer/performer/conductor by placing their name at the beginning if you wish. |
| Audio CD/vinyl (non-classical) | 1. Performer First and Last Name (role), Composition/Track/Album Title, with Other Contributor Name (role), recording date, on Disc Title, Label Publisher #, Year, format. 2. Performer Last Name, Short Title, Composer/performer information. | Performer Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. With Other Contributor Name (role), recording date, on Disc Title, Record Label #, Year, format. |
| Blog | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Post,” Blog Name, Date, URL. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title.” | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Post.” Blog Name, Date. URL. |
| Book | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Book review (in journal, in print or online) | In Print: 1. Reviewer First and Last Name, “Title of Review,” review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name, Name of Journal issue no., no. (Date of Publication): Page Number. 2. Author Last Name, review of Title of Book in Review, Page Number. Online: 3. Reviewer First and Last Name, “Title of Review,” review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name, Name of Journal issue no., no. (Date of Publication): Page Number, URL/DOI/Database Name. | In Print: Reviewer Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name. Journal Name issue no., no. (Date of Publication): Page Range. Online: Reviewer Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name. Journal Name issue no., no. (Date of Publication): Page Range. DOI/URL/Database Name. |
| Book review (in newspaper, in print or online) | In Print: 1. Reviewer First and Last Name, “Title of Review,” review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name, Name of Newspaper, Date of Publication, Page Number. 2. Author Last Name, review of Title of Book in Review, Page Number. Online: 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Review,” review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name, Name of Journal, Date of Publication, Page Number,, URL/DOI/Database Name. | In Print: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name. Newspaper Name, Date of Publication, Page Range. Online: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Review.” Review of Title of Book, by Book Author First and Last Name. Journal Name, Date of Publication, Page Range.. URL/DOI/Database Name. |
| Chapter of an edited book | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Chapter,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, “Short Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Chapter.” In Title of Book, edited by Editor First and Last Name, Page Range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. NB: In a note, cite specific pages. In the bibliography, include the page range for the chapter or part. |
| Code of ethics (print or online) | Print: 1. Organization Name, Title of Code of Ethics (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 2. Organization Name, Short Title, Page Number. Online: 3. Organization Name, Title of Code of Ethics (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number, URL. | Print: Organization Name. Title of Code of Ethics. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Online: Organization Name. Title of Code of Ethics. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. URL. |
| Conference paper (published in book or journal form) | See chapter in a book or journal article referencing. | |
| Conference presentation (unpublished) | 1. Author First and Last name, “Title of Conference Paper,” (paper presented at Name of Conference, Place of Conference, Date), Page Range. 2. Last Name, “Short Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Paper presented at Name of Conference, Place of Conference, Date. |
| Course material | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Material Title,” Course Code at University Name, Access Date, URL. 2. Last Name, “Material Title.” | Author Last Name, First Name. “Material Title.” Course Code at University Name. Access Date. URL. |
| Data set | 1. Author First and Last Name/Organization Name, Title of Data Set, Year, distributed by Name of Distributor, DOI/URL/Database Name, any other important information to identify the data set. 2. Author Last Name, Short Title. | Author Last Name, First Name/Organization Name. Title of Data Set, Date. Distributed by Name of Distributor. DOI/URL/Database Name. Any other important information to identify the data set. |
| Dictionary (hardcopy and online) | Hardcopy: 1. Dictionary Name, # ed., s.v. “Entry Name.” Online: 2. Dictionary Name, # ed., s.v. “Entry Name,” accessed Date, URL. | Hardcopy: Author Last Name, First Name. “Entry Title.” In Dictionary Name. Publisher, Year. Online: Author Last Name, First Name. “Entry Title.” In Dictionary Name. Publisher, Year. Accessed Date. URL/DOI. |
| Dissertation or thesis (published) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Dissertation” (PhD diss., Publisher, Year), Page Range, URL. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Dissertation.” PhD diss., Publisher, Year. URL. NB: If a thesis, write out “Master’s thesis” in place of PhD diss. |
| Dissertation or thesis (unpublished) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Dissertation” (Unpublished PhD diss., Year), Page Range, URL. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Dissertation.” Unpublished PhD diss., Year/Accessed Date. URL. NB: If a thesis, write out “Master’s thesis” in place of PhD diss. |
| eBook (online) | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range, URL/Database Name. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. NB: If there are no page numbers, use section, chapter, or any other number in any. If none, omit. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. URL/Database Name. |
| eBook (on reader) | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range, eReader Type. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. NB: If there are no page numbers, use section, chapter, or any other number in any. If none, omit. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. eReader Type. |
| Edited book | 1. Editor(s) First and Last Name(s), ed(s)., Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), Page Range. 2. Editor(s) Last Name(s), Short Title, Page Range. | 1st Editor Last Name, First Name and 2nd Editor First and Last Name, eds. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| eJournal article | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” eJournal Name issue, no. (Month/Season Year): Page Range, URL/DOI/Database Name. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of eJournal issue, no., (Month/Season Year): Page Range. DOI/URL/Database Name. NB: Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al. |
| Encyclopedia entry (hardcopy or online, authored) | Hardcopy: 1. Author First and Last Name, “Entry Title,” in Encyclopedia Name (Publisher, Year). 2. Last Name, “Entry Title,” Page Number. Online: 3. Author First and Last Name, “Entry Title,” in Encyclopedia Name (Publisher, Year), Accessed Date, URL/DOI. 4. Last Name, “Entry Title.” | Online: Author Last Name, First Name. “Entry Title.” In Encyclopedia Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Accessed Date. URL/DOI. |
| Encyclopedia entry (hardcopy or online, unauthored) | Hardcopy: 1. Encyclopedia Name, # ed., s.v. “Entry Name.” 2. Encyclopedia Name, s.v. “Entry Name,” page number. Online: 3. Encyclopedia Name, # ed., s.v. “Entry Name,” accessed Date, URL. 4. Encyclopedia Name, s.v. “Entry Name.” | Hardcopy: Encyclopedia Name. s.v. “Entry Name.” # ed. # vols. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Online: Encyclopedia Name. s.v. “Entry Name.” # ed. # vols. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Accessed date. URL/DOI NB: Major dictionaries and encyclopedias, as well-known reference works, are normally cited in notes and not in bibliographies. The facts of publication are often omitted, but the edition must be specified if it is not the first. References to an alphabetically arranged work cite the item (not the volume or page number) preceded by s.v. (sub verbo) “under the word”; pl. s.vv. |
| Exhibition (catalog) | 1. First and Last Name, Title of Exhibition (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Last name, Short Title of Exhibition, Page Number. | Last Name, First Name. Title of Exhibition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Additional information about the exhibition as needed. |
| Foreign language title (book) | Author First and Last Name, Title of Book [Translation of Title if Available] (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. NB: Use square brackets for any information you feel is useful/relevant but is not included in the original source. However, you do not have to provide a translation of the source title. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book [Translation of Title if Available]. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Government publication (Online or in print) | Online: 1. Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Title of Government Publication, Date of copyright or modification or access, Page Number [if available], URL. 2. (Shortened Footnote): Name of Government Department, Shortened Title, Page Number. In Print: 3. Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee, Title of Government Publication, Edition if given and is not first edition, Publication Date, Page Number. 4. (Shortened Footnote): Name of Government Department, Shortened Title, Page Number. | Online: Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. Title of Government Publication. Date of copyright or modification or access. URL. In Print: Name of Government Department, Agency or Committee. Title of Government Publication. Edition if given and is not first edition. Publication Date. |
| Gray literature (brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets etc.) | 1. Corporate Author, Title of Gray Literature, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number (if any). 2. Corporate Author, Short Title of Gray Literature, Page Number (if any). | Corporate Author. Title of Grey Literature. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Illustrated book (hardcopy or online) | Hardcopy: 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book, illustr. Illustrator First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. Online: 3. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book, illustr. Illustrator First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range, URL/Database Name. | Hardcopy: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Illustrated by Illustrator First and Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Online: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Illustrated by Illustrator First and Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. URL/Database Name. |
| Image (digital stock image or clip art) | 1. Source Name. [Add Description of Image Here if No Title], [n.d.], Material or Medium, Location, URL. 2. Artist Last Name, [Shorted Image Description]. | Source Name. [Add Description of Image Here if No Title]. [n.d.] Material or Medium. Location. URL. NB: Add as much information as possible so that another person could find/access the image. Do not list Google images as the source of an image. |
| e.g. | 1. Bowdoin College. [Graphic of Bowdoin Polar Bear], [n.d.], B&W image, Bowdoin College Polar Bears, http://athletics.bowdoin.edu/landing/index. 2. Bowdoin College, [Graphic]. | Bowdoin College. [Graphic of Bowdoin Polar Bear]. [n.d.] B&W image. Bowdoin College Polar Bears. http://athletics.bowdoin.edu/landing/index. |
| Image or painting (real life) | 1. Artist’s First and Last Name, Title of Artwork, Year, medium, dimension, location, Institution Name. | Artists’ Last Name, Artist’s First Name. Title of Artwork, Year. Medium, dimension. Location, Institution Name. |
| Interview (by author or between two other people) | By Author: 1. Interviewee First and Last Name, interview by author, Date of interview. Between Two People: 2. Interviewee First and Last Name, “Title of Interview,” interview by Interviewer First and Last Name, Interview Source, Date of Publication, audio, time, URL. 3. Interviewee Last Name, interview. | By Author: Interviewee Last Name, First Name. Interview by author, Date. Between Two People: Interviewee Last Name, First Name. “Title of Interview.” Interview by Interviewer First and Last Name. Interview Source, Date of Publication. Audio, time. URL. NB: Time should be listed in ##:## format. |
| Journal article (submitted and accepted for publication) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Name, forthcoming. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title.” | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Name, forthcoming. |
| Journal article (submitted but not yet accepted for publication) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Name, submitted date, page number. 2. Author Last Name, “Short Title,” Page Number). | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Unpublished Journal Article.” Name of Journal, submitted Month Day, Year. URL/Location. |
| Journal article (printed) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Name issue, no. (Month/Season Year): Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Name issue, no., (Month/Season Year): Page Range. NB: Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al. |
| Online journal article (as opposed to ejournal articles; ejournals are only available online) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Journal Name issue, no. (Month/Season Year): Page Range, URL/DOI/Database Name. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Journal Name issue, no., (Month/Season Year): Page Range. URL/DOI/Database Name. NB: Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the bibliography; in a note, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the bibliography, followed by et al. |
| Pre-print journal article (e.g., PubMed Central or PsyArXiv) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Preprint Journal Article,” preprint, submitted date, Page Number, URL. 2. Author Last Name, “Short Title,” Page Number. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Pre-print Journal Article.” Preprint, submitted date. URL. |
| Lecture content (online course) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Lecture Title,” Course Code at University Name, Access Date, URL. 2. Last Name, “Lecture Title.” | Author Last Name, First Name. “Lecture Title.” Course Code at University Name. Access Date. URL. |
| Lecture slides NB: For unrecorded classroom lectures, or if the public has no access to the URL, then see Personal comms | See Online Lecture Content or Course Materials as needed. For in-person lecture notes/slides, cite in the text only. | |
| Magazine article (hardcopy and online) | Hardcopy: 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Magazine Name, Date of Publication, Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. Online: 3. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Magazine Name, Date of Publication, Page Range, URL. 4. Author Last Name, “Shortened Title,” Page Range. | Hardcopy: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Magazine Name, Date of Publication. Online: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Magazine Name, Date of Publication. URL/Database Name. NB: Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from a bibliographic entry. Date goes in Month Day, Year format. For example: April 20, 2023. |
| Movie/film | 1. Film Title, directed by Director’s Name (year of original release; distributor details, year of edition cited), format/URL. 2. (Shortened Title): Short Title. | Director Surname, First Name, dir. Film Title. Year of original release; Distributor details, year of edition cited. Format/URL. NB: Format includes DVD, Youtube video, Streaming service, etc. Add other contributors as needed, such as performers. Be sure to add their roles as needed. |
| Movie/film (foreign language) | 1. Director First and Last Name, dir., Title of Film [Translation of Title if Available], produced by Producer First and Last name, written by Writer First and Last Name (Location of Production: Production Co./Publisher, Year), Format, Length. 2. (Shortened Title): Last Name, Short Title. | Director Last Name, First Name, dir. Title of Film [Translation of Title if Available]. Produced by Producer First and Last Name, written by Writer first and Last Name. Location of Production: Production Co./Publisher, Year. Format, length. NB: Format includes DVD, Youtube video, Streaming service, etc. Add other contributors as needed, such as performers. Be sure to add their roles as needed. |
| Multi-volume work | 1. Author First and Last Name, Book Title, ed. First and Last Name, Total # of volumes vols. (Place of Publication: Publisher, Years), page number. 2. Last Name, Short Title, page number. | Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Edited by Editor First and Last Name. # of vols. Place of Publication: Publisher, Years. |
| Musical score | 1. Composer First and Last Name, Score Title, ed. or arr. First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number, m. [measure no.]. 2. Last Name, Short Score Title, Page Number. | Composer Last Name, First Name. Score Title. Edited or Arranged by First and Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Newsletter | See gray literature entry. | |
| Newspaper (hardcopy, or online) | Hardcopy: 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Newspaper Name, Date, Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, “Shortened Article Title,” Page Range. Online: 3. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Newspaper Name, Date, Page Range, URL/Database Name. 4. Author Last Name, “Shortened Article Title,” Page Range. | Hardcopy: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Name, Date, Page Range. Online: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Newspaper Name, Date, Page Range. URL/Database Name. |
| Older work (e.g., Aristotle, Plato) | 1. Author Name, Title of Work Page/Section/Line Number. 2. Author Name, Title of Work, ed. and trans. First and Last Name, (Place of Publication, Publisher, Year), Page Range. | Author Name. Title of Work. Edited and Translated by First and Last name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. NB: References to classical texts are ordinarily given only in notes. They are listed in a bibliography only when the information referenced is supplied by a modern editor (e.g., the introduction to a classical text). The numbers that identify the various parts of classical works, including books, sections, and lines, remain the same in all editions, whether in the original language or in translation. |
| Personal comms (emails, letters) | 1. First and Last Name, XXX message to author, Date. | NB: Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text or in a note only; they are rarely included in a bibliography. |
| e.g. | John Smith, Email to author, April 20, 2023. | |
| Photographs (online, or in real life) | 1. Artist’s First and Last Name, Title of Artwork, Year, medium, dimension, location, Institution Name. URL if available. | Artists’ Last Name, Artist’s First Name. Title of Artwork, Year. Medium, dimension. Location, Institution Name. URL if available. |
| Play (live production) | 1. Title of Play, script by First and Last Name, music and lyrics by First and Last Name, based on …, Location, Date. 2. Short Title of Play. | NB: Cite live theatrical, artistic, musical or dance performances in your notes only, unless the work is central to your argument, in which case you can include it in your bibliography. |
| Play (script) | 1. Playwright First Name Last Name, Play Title (City: Publisher, Year), page #. 2. Last Name, Short Play Title, Page Number. | Playwright Last Name, First name. Play Title. City: Publisher, Year. |
| Podcast | 1. Host’s First and Last Name, Name of Podcast, produced by Producer Name, podcast, File Format, Running Time, URL. 2. Host Last Name, Short Podcast Name. | Host’s Last Name, First Name. Name of Podcast. Produced by Producer Name. Podcast, File Format, Running Time. URL. |
| Podcast episode | 1. Host’s First and Last Name, “Title of Podcast Episode,” Date of Episode, in Name of Podcast, produced by Producer Name, podcast, File Format, Running Time, Time, URL. 2. Host Last Name, “Short Episode Title.” NB: Time refers to the length of the episode. Use ##:## format. | Host’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Podcast Episode.” Produced by Producer Name. Name of Podcast. Date of Episode. Podcast, File Format, Running Time. Time. URL. |
| Poetry (single author, hardcopy or online) | Online: 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Poem,”Title of Website, Name of Owner (if not Title of Website), Date of Copyright/modification/access, URL. 2. Last Name, “Short Title of Poem.” Hardcopy: 3. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Poem,” in Title of Book, # ed., Editor’s First and Last Name (if any) (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 4. Last Name, “Short Title of Poem,” Page Number. | Online: Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Poem." Title of Website. Name of Owner of Website (if not Title of Website). Date of copyright/modification/access. URL. Hardcopy: Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Poem." In Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, edited by Editor's First Name Last Name, Page Range. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Poetry anthology | See Book entry if single author. See Chapter in an Edited Book entry if there is more than one author. | |
| Press release | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Press Release Title,” medium, Publication Date, URL. 2. (Shortened URL): Last Name, “Short Title.” | Author Last Name, First Name. “Press Release Title.” Medium, Publication Date. URL. |
| Radio program | 1. Title of Program, episode number, “Episode Title,” role(s) and name(s) of contributor(s), date aired, station. URL (if available online). | Title of Program, episode number, “Episode Title,” role(s) and name(s) of contributor(s), date aired, station. URL (if available online). |
| Religious text (e.g., the Qur’an, the Bible) | Bible: 1. Shortened Book Name. Chapter:Verse (Version) Qur’an: 2. Qur’an/Koran Chapter:Verse. | NB: Like classical works, references to Jewish or Christian scriptures usually appear only in notes rather than in bibliographies. Note references to the Bible should include book (in abbreviated form), chapter, and verse but never a page number. A colon is used between chapter and verse. Since books and numbering are not identical in different versions, it is essential to identify which version is being cited. |
| e.g. | 1. 1 Thess. 4:11 (New Revised Standard Version). 2. Qur’an 87:18. | |
| Report | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Report, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 2. Last Name Short Title, Page Number. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Report. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Shakespeare (anthology) NB: The same goes for other anthologies or collected works. | See book or chapter in an edited book as needed. | |
| Shakespeare (play script, sonnet) >br> NB: The same goes for plays, other classical literature, or poetry—the key will be where the work was read. | 1. Author First and Last Name, Classic Play Title, ed. Editor First Name Last Name. (City: Publisher, Year), Act#.Scene#.Line#. References are to act, scene, and line. 2. Short Play Title, Act/Scene/Line#. | Author Last Name, First Name. Classic Play Title. Edited by First Name Last Name. Edition Details. City: Publisher, Year. |
| e.g. | William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), 1.1.20–26. References are to act, scene, and line. The Tempest, 1.1.20-26 | Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Edited by Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan. Arden Shakespeare, 3rd ser. London: Bloomsbury, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781408160183.00000045. |
| Social media post | 1. First and Last Name (@handle if available), “First 160 characters of post,” Social Media Platform Name, Date, URL. 2. Last Name, “Shortened Post Quote.” | Last Name, First Name/Organization. “First 160 characters of post.” Social Media Platform, Date. URL. NB: Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text. A note may be added if a more formal citation is needed. In rare cases, a bibliographic entry may also be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post. |
| Social media profile page | NB: CMoS has no clear guidance on this source type. See above Social Media Post entry for guidance. | |
| Speech (transcript) | Online: 1. Speaker First and Last Name, “Title of Speech” (speech, Location of Speech, Date of Speech), Website Name, URL. 2. Last Name, “Short Title of Speech.” In Print: 3. Speaker First and Last Name, “Title of Speech,” in Title of Book, ed. Editor First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 4. Last Name, “Short Title of Speech,” Page Number. | Online: Speaker Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Speech, Location of Speech, Date of Speech. Website Name. URL. In Print: Speaker Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” In Title of Book, edited by Editor First and Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Standards | 1. Title of Standard, standard number or identifier (place of publication [if known]: publishing body, date issued), URL (if standard was consulted online). 2. Short Title of Standard. | Full Name of Issuing Organization. Title of Standard. Standard number or identifier. Place of Publication (if known): issuing organization, date of issue. URL (if standard was accessed online). |
| Statistics (derived data) | Online: 1. Author/Organization, “Title of Statistical Information,” accessed Date, URL. 2. Author Last Name/Organization, “Shortened Title.” In Print: 3. Author First and Last Name/Organization, “Title of Statistical information,” in Name of Source (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range, additional information like table # if any. 4. Last Name/Organization, “Short Title,” Page Number. | Online: Author Last Name, First Name/Organization. “Title of Statistical Information.” Accessed Date. URL. In Print: Author Last Name, First Name/Organization. “Title of Statistical Information.” In Name of Source, Page Range, additional information if any. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| Statute or Act (UK) | 1. Statute Short Title, Year(s), Regnal Year(s) Monarch’s Ordinal # (if any) c. # (jurisdiction abbreviation if needed). | NB: Legal publications are only cited in the notes. CMoS defers to The Bluebook for legal citations. |
| e.g. | 1. Act of Settlement, 1701, 12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 2. Consolidated Fund Act, 1963, c. 1 (Eng.). 3. Manchester Corporation Act, 1967, c. xl. | |
| Statute or Act (US) | 1. Title number U.S.C. § section number year of code. 2. Name of Statute § number, title number U.S.C. § section number year of code. | NB: Legal publications are only cited in the notes. CMOS defers to The Bluebook for legal citations. |
| e.g. | 1. 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 2. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 § 102, 42 U.S.C. § 4332. | |
| Translated book | 1. Author First and Last Name, Title of Book, trans. Translator First and Last Name (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range. 2. Author Last Name, Title of Book, Page Range. | Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Translated by Translator First and Last Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. |
| TV series | 1. Series title, season #, episode #, “Episode title,” directed by First name Last name, written by First name Last name, featuring First name Last name, aired Month Day, Year of original air date, in broadcast syndication, Distributor of medium, copyright year of medium, format, time stamp. 2. “Short Title,” time stamp. | Last name, First name of main contributor, job title. Series title. Season #, episode #, “Episode title.” Other contributors. Aired Month Day, Year of original air date, in broadcast syndication. Distributor of medium, copyright year of medium, format. |
| Video (online) | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Video,” filmed Date at filming location, video, time., URL. 2. Last Name, “Shortened Video Title.” | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Video.” Filmed Date at filming location. Video, time. URL. NB: Time should be in ##:## format. |
| Webinar | 1. Presenter First and Last Name, “Title of Webinar,” (webinar, Publisher, Broadcast location, Date, year), URL. 2. Presenter Last Name, “Short Webinar Title.” | Presenter Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webinar. Webinar from Publisher, Broadcast location, Date, year. URL. |
| Website content (e.g., a webpage) | 1. First and Last Name, “Webpage Title,” Website Name, Date/Accessed Date, URL. 2. Publisher Last Name/Organization, “Shortened Webpage Title.” NB: Date should say “acessed” if using an access date. | Organization/Last Name, First Name. “Webpage Title.” Website Name. Date/Accessed Date. URL. NB: It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date. |
| White paper (published or unpublished) | 1. Author Name/Organization, Title of White Paper. Page Number, Year, URL. 2. Author Last Name/Organization Name, Title of White Paper, Page Number. | Author Name/Organization. Title of White Paper. Page Number. Year. URL. |
| Working paper | 1. Author First and Last Name, “Title of Working Paper,” (working paper, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number. 2. Last Name “Short Title,” Page Number. | Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Working Paper.” Working Paper, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. NB: Add all available information so that the source can be found. Don’t worry if some information is missing. |
| Yearbooks and Almanacs | 1. Title of Yearbook (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year[s]), page number, published annually, also available at URL. 2. (Shortened Title): Title of Yearbook, page number. | Title of Yearbook. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year(s). Published annually. Also available at URL. |
