Punctuation Tips: Semicolons

Semicolons can be tricky to use, especially if you’re unfamiliar with their rules. Besides using them for a winky face while texting, there are three different uses for semicolons in English. Keep reading to learn more.

How to Use a Semicolon

Once you understand the rules, you’ll never confuse a comma or colon for a semicolon again. There are three ways to use a semicolon in your writing:

●  As a link between two related independent clauses

●  Before a conjunctive adverb in the middle of a sentence

●  In a list

Semicolons Linking Two Related Independent Clauses

Before we examine how to use a semicolon with two related independent clauses, let’s review what an independent clause is. An independent clause is a clause that’s a complete sentence on its own, that is, it has a subject and a predicate.

The subject is usually a noun (person, place, or thing) at the beginning of the sentence, and the predicate is the verb and object following the noun. These two components make up independent clauses.

To use a semicolon with two related independent clauses, simply place it between them.

Seems easy, right? It is! However, it’s easy to make certain mistakes. Let’s look at some examples of those.

Common Mistake 1: Capitalizing the Word Following the Semicolon

The word following the semicolon should not be capitalized unless it’s a proper noun (e.g., days of the week or names of people).

Common Mistake 2: Linking Unrelated Clauses to Each Other

You should only use a semicolon to link clauses when they are related to each other. Semicolons help to emphasize that two statements are connected. Using them to link unrelated clauses is incorrect:

Common Mistake 3: Using Semicolons with FANBOY Conjunctions

FANBOY conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet), also known as coordinating conjunctions, have a comma preceding them, not a semicolon. To use a semicolon, you need to remove the FANBOY conjunction.

Common Mistake 4: Using a Comma

If you connect two independent clauses with only a comma, then you have a comma splice. Ensure you use a semicolon between the two independent clauses or add a FANBOY conjunction after the comma.

Semicolons and Conjunctive Adverbs

You use conjunctive adverbs, also known as connective adverbs or linking adverbs, as transitions or linking words between clauses. Common conjunctive adverbs include however, thus, moreover, as a result, and additionally.

When these words are used in the middle of a sentence, a semicolon should go before them, and a comma should follow; however, a semicolon only goes before the conjunctive adverb if an independent clause follows. Let’s look at some examples.

Common Mistake 1: Using Commas

If the second clause is independent, a semicolon should be used. Alternatively, you can use a period and create two separate sentences.

Common Mistake 2: Conjunctive Adverbs and Dependent Clauses

If the clause following the semicolon is dependent (i.e., not a complete sentence), then use a comma before and after the conjunctive adverb. Alternatively, you can move the conjunctive adverb to the beginning of the sentence and place a comma after it.

Using Semicolons in a List

Semicolons can be included in a list to add clarity when commas are used within the listed items. Additionally, semicolons should be used in listed items if you add a non-restrictive relative clause (a clause beginning with who or which) after an item. Using semicolons prevents confusion for the reader in these situations.

Common Mistake: Using Semicolons Unnecessarily

If the items in the list don’t require additional commas, you should only use commas to separate them.

Conclusion

Semicolons can seem challenging, but with practice, you can use them confidently. Be sure to use a semicolon when linking two related independent clauses, before a conjunctive adverb in the middle of a sentence, or with items in a list that contain commas.

FAQ

How does a semicolon differ from a colon?

Colons are used to present dialogue, introduce lists or text, or give emphasis. Semicolons are used to separate two independent clauses, introduce a conjunctive adverb, or prevent confusion in lists when other commas are present.

Can semicolons be used in place of conjunctions?

Yes. If the clause following the conjunction is related and independent, you can remove the conjunction and add a semicolon. Semicolons can also be used before a conjunctive adverb in the middle of a sentence if an independent clause follows. For example: I want to go out later; however, I have a test tomorrow morning to study for.

How do I use semicolons in online writing, such as emails and social media posts?

You can use semicolons in online writing the same way you would elsewhere. They can link two related independent clauses, precede a conjunctive adverb, or be part of a list to add clarity when other commas are present. However, semicolons may add a formal tone, so consider the context of your online writing.

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